Disaster Mgt

Disaster A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, orexplosions. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people. Natural Disaster FECTL Floods-Floods are the most frequent natural calamity that India has to face almost every year in varying magnitudes in some or other parts of the country. The annual precipitation including snow-fall is estimated at 4000 Billion Cubic Metre (BCM). Out of this, the seasonal rainfall in monsoon is of the order of 3000 BCM. Rainfall in India is mainly dependent on the South-West and North-East monsoons, on cyclonic depressions and disturbances and on violent local storms. Most of the rainfall in India (80%) takes place under the influence of South-West monsoon between June and September (4 months). Remaining (20%) rainfall is received from North-east monsoon, cyclonic storm, local storms and cloud bursts. Flooding is caused by the inadequate capacity within the banks of the rivers to contain the high flows brought down from the upper catchment due to heavy rainfall. Areas having poor drainage characteristic get flooded by accumulation of water from heavy rainfall. According to the estimate of the National Commission on Flood, the area prone to floods in the country was of the order of 40 million hectares, out of which it is considered that 80%, i.e., 32 million hectares could be provided with reasonable degree of protection.Floods are the most frequent natural calamity that India has to face almost every year in varying magnitudes in some or other parts of the country. The annual precipitation including snow-fall is estimated at 4000 Billion Cubic Metre (BCM). Out of this, the seasonal rainfall in monsoon is of the order of 3000 BCM. Rainfall in India is mainly dependent on the South-West and North-East monsoons, on cyclonic depressions and disturbances and on violent local storms. Most of the rainfall in India (80%) takes place under the influence of South-West monsoon between June and September (4 months). Remaining (20%) rainfall is received from North-east monsoon, cyclonic storm, local storms and cloud bursts. Flooding is caused by the inadequate capacity within the banks of the rivers to contain the high flows brought down from the upper catchment due to heavy rainfall. Areas having poor drainage characteristic get flooded by accumulation of water from heavy rainfall. According to the estimate of the National Commission on Flood, the area prone to floods in the country was of the order of 40 million hectares, out of which it is considered that 80%, i.e., 32 million hectares could be provided with reasonable degree of protection. Earthquake An earthquake is a phenomenon that occurs without warning and involves violent shaking of the ground and everything over it. It results from the release of accumulated stress of the moving lithospheric or crustal plates. The earth's crust is divided into seven major plates, some 50 miles thick, which move slowly and continuously over the earth's interior and several minor plates. Earthquakes are tectonic in origin; that is the moving plates are responsible of the occurrence of the violent shaking. The occurrence of an earthquake in a populated area may cause numerous casualties and injuries and extensive property damage by the inadequate capacity within the banks of the rivers to contain the high flows brought down from the upper catchment due to heavy rainfall. Areas having poor drainage characteristic get flooded by accumulation of water from heavy rainfall. According to the estimate of the National Commission on Flood, the area prone to floods in the country was of the order of 40 million hectares, out of which it is considered that 80%, i.e., 32 million hectares could be provided with reasonable degree of protection. Cyclones Cyclones are caused by atmospheric disturbances around a low-pressure area distinguished by swift and often destructive air circulation. They are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather. The air circulates inward in an anticlockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Cyclones are classified as: (i) extra tropical cyclones (also called temperate cyclones); and (ii) tropical cyclones.  Tsunami Tide gauge records are the best and usually the only instrumental data of tsunamis. Tide gauges provide valuable information on the tsunami arrival times and the changes in sea level due to tsunamis. The sea-level measurements from the tide gauges can be de-tided (removing of the tidal effect) to get the changes in water level due to tsunamis alone. The great tsunami of 26 December 2004 was recorded on all the tide gauges located in the Indian Ocean. The National Institute of Oceanography analysed the data from the tide gauges along the coast of India (maintained by the Survey of India) and from elsewhere in the Indian Ocean that are located to the west of the rupture zone. At all these stations, the water level first rose, then fell. Available data from Indonesia show that the stations to the east of the rupture zone first saw a drop in water level (Merrifield et al., Geophy. Res. Lett., 32, 2005). The tsunami struck the Indian east coast around 0330 UTC (0900 IST). The amplitude was 2m above the tide at Chennai, Paradip and Colombo. The east coast of India (and of Sri Lanka) was hit shortly after high tide; Tuticorin and Colombo, however, were hit shortly after low tide. The tide gauge at Nagapattinam (the worst affected place among all the Indian east coast stations) was destroyed by tsunami waves and hence the data from there are not available. The tsunami wave propagated northward along the Indian west coast. The prominent periodicities associated with the tsunami waves are observed to be 35-45 minutes and about 20 minutes. Along the Indian east coast, there is another prominent peak between 1-2 hours. One possible cause of these high period (hence the low-frequency) oscillations is coastally trapped edge waves triggered by the reflection of the tsunami waves. Another possibility for this `anisotropy’ in the spectrum is the lower frequencies triggered by rupture propagated more to the north-northwest towards the Indian coast. Available geophysical evidence suggests that such anisotropy existed in the forcing: the rupture propagation speed and rate of slip were not uniform along the rupture arc (Bilham, Science, 308, 2005). For more details, see: Nagarajan et al., Earth Planets Space, 58, 211-215, 2006. Landslides India has a sensational record of catastrophes due to landslides, unique and unparalleled. Landslides & Avalanches are among the major hydro-geological hazards that affect large parts of India, especially the Himalayas, the Northeastern hill ranges, the Western Ghats, the Nilgiris, the Eastern Ghats and the Vindhyas, in that order. In the Himalayas alone, one could find landslides of every fame, name and description- big and small, quick and creeping, ancient and new. The northeastern region is badly affected by landslide problems of a bewildering variety. Landslides in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal as also those in Sikkim, Tripura, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh pose chronic problems causing recurring losses. There are landslides in the Western Ghats in the south, along the steep slopes overlooking the Konkan coast. Landslides are also very common in the Nilgiris, characterized by a lateratic cap, which is highly landslide prone. Floods In INDIA Top 10 worst flood in Indian History 10.) 2008 Bihar Flood  Considered as one of the worst and the most disastrous floods in History of Bihar, a state over populated and densely occupied. Due to Koshi river break near Indo-Nepal border, the entire area was flooded on 18th August 2008. Affecting almost more than 2 million people, only in Northern Bihar with a total causality of 434 (the total bodies which were recovered till date.). The flooded and affected areas were Supaul, Araria, Madhepura, Saharsa, Champaran and Purnea. 9.) 2009 Indian Flood ( Entire India ) This was not a heavy causality causing flood but since its impact was nationwide, so being considered a national disaster, it tool areas of Karnataka, Orrisa, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra under its fright. At least 299 casualties were assumed to have. Number of relief centres were opened. But the thing which is to be mentioned is that there was a heavy loss of money and property. 8.) 2004 Bihar Flood Being considered as a flood prone area, Bihar is again in the list because of 2004 flood which it suffered. It was stated that a total of 883 people lost their lives and more than 3000 animals were killed. One of the most horrifying disaster caused almost a loss of Rs. 1,03,049.60 Lakh. Rivers, primarily, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda, Bagmati, Budhi had already crossed the red mark while on the other hand Ganga first time in its history crossed the red mark in Farrakka Barrage. 7.) 2005 : Maharashtra flood  This was the major and the most devastating disaster occurred in Maharashtra, mainly engulfing areas of Mumbai, Chiplun, Khed, Kalyan, Ratnagiri and Raigad. The  main problem arose with the people on the road and which caused a traffic jam and with it came the loss of people. A total of 5000 people were reported for the death toll. The date 26 July 2005 has been marked as one the BLACK DAY in the history of Mumbai. Moreover, this flood is significant because a Movie was also made on it name as ” Tum Mile” featuring Imran Hashmi and Soha Ali khan. 6.) Morvi Dam Failure. The Dam Failure occurred on 11 August 1979 near Machchu-Machchu dam and this flooding brought disaster along with it for the Rajkot District in Gujrat. Not an exact toll of total killed people was estimated but a fixed poll of 1800 to 15000 people were reported to be missing and dead altogether. The main reason behind the failure was the destruction of walls of dams for almost more than four kilo-meter. It has been listed in to the Guinness Book of Records as the worst dam failure in the history. 5.) 1987 Bihar Flood Yet another entry to the list is Bihar flood 1987. It was a black day in the history when Koshi was flooded and this is why Koshi is also known as ” Sorrow of Bihar” (Biahr ka shok). A total of 1400 people were dead and more than 5000 animals were reported dead. A total of 67,881+680.86 (public+agricultural) lakh INR was the damage to the state. More than 29 million people were affected. 4.) 2007 South Asian Floods It was a serial flood occurrences in South India. It lasted for more than 15 days in a row. Starting its wrath on 3 July 2007, the flood continued to destroy South India, and including nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and Bangladesh. More than 2000 people were dead. 30 million came under its effect and a damage of 50 crores INR was reported. UNICEF described it to be the worst flooding of South India in living memory. 3.) 2010 Ladakh Floods. It was 6th August 2010, when the series of natural disasters started to take place in Ladakh, a regional part of J&K (Jammu and Kashmir). It was accompanied with cloudburst, debris flows and Flash floods from Himalayan. Causality was less than 300 but a  great loss of property was reported. Areas of Leh were also affected and it caused a loss of total Rs. 133 crores INR. 2.) 2012 Brahmaputra floods This was another sorrow caused to Assam in recent years. In July 2012, Brahmaputra and its tributaries showed its wrath and since it was natural but it grabs a spot at number 2 and eye-catching event because the main area which was affected included Kaziranga National Park, a park which is the natural habitat of Rhinos. It cause a death of 540 animals including 13 Rhinos. The main reasons behind this calamity is the deforestation in the area of passing by of Brahmaputra. 1.) Gujarat Floods – 2005 This is considered to be the worst floods in the Indian History because it accounted for a loss of more than Rs. 8000 crore which cause a great financial and economical loss to the nation as well. This disaster took place in a row of days from 30th June to July 11. More than 123 deaths were polled and total of 250k people were evacuated. Many lost their families, home, places and took shelter under the open sky. Train services,Road Operations, Communications were all stopped due to such a high flooding. It was this great loss that Govt. of India deferred the deadline for filling of Income Tax returns. It was referred as a ” BLACK DAY ” in Indian History. Earthquake in india Dates Time Location Latitude Longitude deaths Comments Magnitude April 14, 2012 10:57:40 Local Time April 14 Koynanagar,India [2] 17.4°N 73.8°E None Preceded by a 4.0 earthquake in Gujarat 4.9 March 5, 2012 13:09:00 Local Time March 5 New Delhi India [3] 28.808°N 76.772°E >To be determined Earthquake epicentre: Bahadurgarh (New Delhi and NCR) 4.9 September 18, 2011 18:10:48 Local Time September 18 Sikkim India see 2011 Sikkim earthquake 27.723°N 88.064°E >To be determined Earthquake epicentre: Sikkim 6.9 September 7, 2011 11:28:00 Local Time September 7 Delhi NCR India 28.38°N 77.12°E >To be determined Earthquake epicentre: Sonipat, Harayana; Delhi 4.2 December 31, 2007 23:45:00 Local Time September 7 DELHI NCR India >To be determined Earthquake epicentre: October 8, 2005 03:50:38 UTC, 08:50:38 Local Time October 8 KashmirHimachal PradeshPakistan India see 2005 Kashmir earthquake 34.493°N 73.629°E >80,000 95 km (59 mi) NE ofIslamabad, Pakistan, 125 km (78 mi) WNW of Srinagar, Kangra,Jammu and Kashmir,India (pop 894,000) 7.6 December 26, 2004 00:58:53 UTC, 07:58:53 Local Time December 26 off west coast northern SumatraIndia Sri LankaMaldives see 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 3.30°N 95.87°E 283,106 third largest earthquake ever recorded 9.0 to 9.3 January 26, 2001 08:50:00 Local Time January 26 Kutchh see Gujarat earthquake of 2001 23.6N 69.8E 20,000 Epicenter in Kutch, loss of life in Ahmedabad, Kutch and Bhuj 7.6/7.7 September 30, 1993 03:50:38 UTC, 03.50 Local Time September 30 Latur-Killari, India see 1993 Latur earthquake 18.08°N 76.52°E 9,748 6.2 October 20, 1991 21:23:14 UTC Uttarkashi region of the Indian state ofUttarakhand see 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake 30.73°N 78.45°E >2,000 7.0 January 19, 1975 08:02 UTC Himachal Pradesh see 1975 Kinnaur earthquake 32.46°N 78.43°E 47 6.8 August 15, 1950 Tibetan plateau(Arunachal Pradesh - Chinaborder), India see 1950 Assam earthquake 28.5°N 96.7°E 1,526 Largest earthquake recorded in mainland India since Independence. 8.5 June 26, 1941 Andaman Islands, British India see 1941 Andaman Islands earthquake 12.50°N 92.57°E 7,000 Triggered a tsunami that affected eastern India and Sri Lanka 7.7-8.1 May 31, 1935 3:02 AM (I.S.T.) Quetta,Balochistan,British India see 1935 Balochistan earthquake 28.866°N 66.383°E 30,000 / 60,000 Deadliest earthquake recorded in modern-day Pakistan. 7.7 January 15, 1934 2:13 PM (I.S.T.) Bihar, India see 1934 Bihar earthquake 25°N 85°E 8,100 Largest ever earthquake recorded in mainland India. 8.7 June 12, 1897 Shillong Plateau,India see 1897 Assam earthquake 26°N 91°E 1,500 8.1 December 31, 1881 07:49 local time Nicobar Islands see 1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake 8.52 92.43 none Earliest earthquake for which rupture parameters have been estimated instrumentally (from tide gauges) 7.9 June 16, 1819 18:45 to 18:50 local time Kutch District see 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake 23.0 71.0 >1,543 Formed the Allah Bund and Lake Sindri 7.7-8.2 September 18, 1737 23.59 local time Kolkata 7.29 72.25 1,00,000 INDIAN GOVT INITIATIVES FOR DISASTER MGT             Evolution of NDMA National Disaster Mgt Authority

Chairman Dr Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister Vision To build a safer and disaster resilient India by developing a holistic, pro-active, multi-disaster and technology-driven strategy for disaster management through collective efforts of all Government Agencies and Non-Governmental Organisations. Vice Chairman M. Shashidhar Reddy, MLA EMPOWERING STAKEHOLDERS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister of India, is the Apex Body for Disaster Management in India. The setting up of the NDMA and the creation of an enabling environment for institutional mechanisms at the State and District levels is mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005. . t

Evolution Of NDMA Emergence of an organization is always through an evolutionary process. Establishment of NDMA has also gone through same stage. Towards this aim, the Government of India (GOI), in recognition of the importance of Disaster Management as a national priority, has set up a High-Powered Committee (HPC) in August 1999 and also a nation committee after the Gujarat earthquake, for making recommendations on the preparation of Disaster Management plans and suggestion effective mitigation mechanisms. The Tenth Five-Year Plan Document also had, for the first time, a detailed chapter on Disaster Management. Similarly, the Twelfth Finance Commission was also mandated to review the financial arrangements for Disaster Management. On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India. Roles and Responsibilities

NDMA as the apex body is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the following responsibilities:-

·         Lay down policies on disaster management ; ·      Approve the National Plan; ·    Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan;               Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan        Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the      Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development  plans and projects;              Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plan for disaster management;              Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;       Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government;       Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with the threatening disaster situation or disaster as it may consider necessary;       Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management. DM structure DM ACT 2005 Definitions.-In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,- (a) "affected area" means an area or part of the country affected by a disaster; (b) "capacity-building" includes- (i) identification of existing resources and resources to be acquired or created;  (ii) acquiring or creating resources identified under sub-clause  (iii) organisation and training of personnel and coordination of such training for effective management of disasters; (c) "Central Government" means the Ministry or Department of the Government of India having administrative control of disaster management; (d) "disaster" means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area; (e) "disaster management" means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for- (i) prevention of danger or threat of any disaster;  (ii) mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences;  (iii) capacity-building;  (iv) preparedness to deal with any disaster;  (v) prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster;  (vi) assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster;  (vii) evacuation, rescue and relief;  (viii) rehabilitation and reconstruction; National Plan.- (1) There shall be drawn up a plan for disaster management for the whole of the country to be called the National Plan. (2) The National Plan shall be prepared by the National Executive Committee having regard to the National Policy and in consultation with the State Governments and expert bodies or organisations in the field of disaster management to be approved by the National Authority. (3) The National Plan shall include- (a) measures to be taken for the prevention of disasters, or the mitigation of their effects; (b) measures to be taken for the integration of mitigation measures in the development plans; (c) measures to be taken for preparedness and capacity building to effectively respond to any threatening disaster situations or disaster; (d) roles and responsibilities of different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in respect of measures specified in clauses (a), (b) and (c). (4) The National Plan shall be reviewed and updated annually. (5) Appropriate provisions shall be made by the Central Government for financing the measures to be carried out under the National Plan. (6) Copies of the National Plan referred to in sub-sections (2) and (4) shall be made available to the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India and such Ministries or Departments shall draw up their own plans in accordance with the National Plan. Phases Of disaster/components of disaster       Disaster preparedness Preparedness should be in the form of money,manpower and materials Evaluation from past experiences about risk Location of disaster prone areas Organization of communication, information and warning system Ensuring co-ordination and response mechanisms Development of public education programme Co-ordination with media National & international relations Keeping stock of foods, drug and other essential commodities.       NDMA plays a key role in forewarning the disaster of cyclone-storms by detection tracing. It has 5 centres in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Vishakapatanam, Chennai & Mumbai. In addition there are 31 special observation posts setup a long the east coast of India.  The International Agencies which provides humanitarian assistance to the disaster strike areas are United Nation agencies. Office for the co-ordination of Humanitarian Affair (OCHA) World Health Organization (WHO) UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP) Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAD) E.g.: Non Governmental Organizations Co-Operative American Relief Every where (CARE) International committee of Red cross International committee of Red cross      Disaster impact TriageGolden hour Immediate or high priority: Delayed or medium priority: Minor or minimal or ambulatory patients: Expectant or least priority: Colour code:     Disaster response During-Guidlines under NDMA for diff disaster             After surveillance and disease control Vaccination Nutrition      Rehabilitation phase Water supply Food safety Basic sanitation and personal hygiene Vector control      Disaster mitigation This involves lessening the likely effects of emergencies. These include depending upon the disaster, protection of vulnerable population and structure. For examples, improving structural qualities of schools, houses and such other buildings so that medical causalities can be minimized. Similarly ensuring the safety of health facilities and public health services including water supply and sewerage system to reduce the cost of rehabilitation and reconstruction. This mitigation compliments the disaster preparedness and disaster response activities.      Disaster Mgt continum